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|term_start2 = 20 December 1917 |term_end2 = 30 June 1918 |office3 = Provisional Governor of Van |term_start3 = 19/20 May |term_end3 = 31 July 1915 |birth_name = Sargis Hovhannisian |birth_date = |birth_place = Elisabethpol Governorate, Russian Empire |death_date = |death_place = Yerevan, Republic of Armenia |party = Armenian Revolutionary Federation |signature = Aram Manukian signature.jpg }} Aram Manukian (classical (アルメニア語:Արամ Մանուկեան, reformed: Արամ Մանուկյան)), also referred to as simply Aram or Aram pasha (19 March 187929 January 1919), was an Armenian nationalist revolutionary, statesman and a leading member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun). Born and educated in Russian (Eastern) Armenia, he was mostly active in the Van region of Turkish (Western) Armenia, where he rose to prominence as a community organizer and earned the name ''Aram of Van''. During the first months of World War I he worked with local Ottoman officials to de-escalate rising tensions until mid-April 1915, when Turkish forces laid siege to the city. He led the successful Armenian civilian self-defense of Van. As a result, tens of thousands avoided being deported and massacred by the Turkish government while the Armenian Genocide was underway. Following the Russian Revolution and the collapse of the Caucasian front, Aram was "popular dictator" of the unconquered area around the city of Yerevan. In May 1918, he organized〔 the defense against the advancing Turkish army, which were effectively stopped at the Battle of Sardarabad, preventing the possible destruction of the Armenian nation. Manukian played an important role in the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia and served as its first minister of internal affairs. He died of typhus in January 1919, short of his 40th birthday. Aram Manukian was an advocate for self-reliance. He was noted for his ability to unite different sections of society for a common cause. He is widely considered by scholars to be the founder of the First Republic of Armenia. During the Soviet period he was condemned to oblivion, along with other prominent Dashnaks. Since 1990, attempts have been made to revive his memory in independent Armenia. == Early life == Aram Manukian was born Sargis Hovhannisian〔 (view online )〕 on 19 March 1879 either in Zeyva village in Zangezur (modern-day Davit Bek, in Armenia's Syunik Province) or in the city of Shusha;〔 both in the Elisabethpol Governorate of the Russian Empire at the time. His father, Harutyun, was a gunsmith; his mother, Sona, was a housewife. He is was the youngest of five children. He received primary education at the Agulyats School in Shusha. Since 1895 he attended the city's diocesan school, where he joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, the main driving force of the Armenian national liberation movement. In the spring of 1901, Manukian was expelled from school for revolutionary activities and moved to Yerevan (Erivan), where he continued his education at the local diocesan school. He graduated two years later, in May 1903. In 1903, Manukian went to Baku where he took part in strikes and later in the Armenian resistance against the confiscation of the Armenian Church properties by the Russian government. He was briefly in Elisabethpol to organize the Armenian resistance there. In mid-1903 he moved to Kars, where he actively took part in the formation of armed groups. In September 1903, within a group of 150 men, Aram Manukian tried to cross the Russian-Turkish border to transfer weaponry to the ''fedayi'' in Sasun, however, he returned to Kars due to illness. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Aram Manukian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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